Organic matter exudation by Emiliania huxleyi under simulated future ocean conditions

Emiliania huxleyi (strain B 92/11) was exposed to different growth, CO₂ and temperature conditions in phosphorous controlled chemostats, to investigate effects on organic carbon exudation, and partitioning between the pools of particulate organic carbon (POC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). ¹⁴C incubation measurements for primary production (PP) and for extracellular release (ER) were performed. Chemical analysis included amount and composition of high molecular weight dissolved combined carbohydrates (>1 kDa, HMW-dCCHO), particulate combined carbohydrates (pCCHO) and the carbon content of transparent exopolymer particles (TEP-C). Applied CO₂ and temperature conditions were 300, 550 and 900 μatm pCO₂ at 14 °C, and additionally 900 μatm pCO₂ at 18 °C simulating a greenhouse ocean scenario. A reduction in growth rate from μ =0.3 d⁻¹ to μ =0.1 d⁻¹ induced the most profound effect on the performance of E. huxleyi, relative to the effect of elevated CO₂ and temperature. At μ =0.3 d⁻¹, PP was significantly higher at elevated CO₂ and temperature. DO¹⁴C production correlated to PO¹⁴C production in all cultures, resulting in similar percentages of extracellular release (DO¹⁴C/PP × 100; PER) of averaged 3.74 ± 0.94%. At μ =0.1 d⁻¹, PO¹⁴C decreased significantly, while exudation of DO¹⁴C increased, thus leading to a stronger partitioning from the particulate to the dissolved pool. Maximum PER of 16.3 ± 2.3% were observed at μ =0.1 d⁻¹ at greenhouse conditions. Concentrations of HMW-dCCHO and pCCHO were generally higher at μ =0.1 d⁻¹ compared to μ =0.3 d⁻¹. At μ =0.3 d⁻¹, pCCHO concentration increased significantly along with elevated CO₂ and temperature. Despite of high PER, the percentage of HMW-dCCHO was smallest at greenhouse conditions. However, highest TEP-formation was observed under greenhouse conditions, together with a pronounced increase in pCCHO concentration, suggesting a stronger partitioning of PP from DOC to POC by coagulation of exudates. Our results imply that greenhouse condition will enhance exudation processes in E. huxleyi and may affect organic carbon partitioning in the ocean due to an enhanced transfer of HMW-dCCHO to TEP by aggregation processes.

Global decline in ocean ventilation, oxygenation, and productivity during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Implications for the benthic extinction

The prominent global warming event at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (55 Ma), referred to as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), was characterized by rapid temperature increase and changes in the global carbon cycle in <10,000 yr, and a major extinction of benthic foraminifera. We explore potential causes of this extinction in response to environmental changes linked to a massive carbon injection by comparing sedimentary records with results from a comprehensive climate–carbon cycle model, and infer that an increase in oceanic vertical temperature gradients and stratification led to decreased productivity and oxygen depletion in the deep sea. Globally, productivity diminished particularly in the equatorial zone by weakening of the trades and hence upwelling, leading to a decline in food supply for benthic organisms. In contrast, near the Ross Sea, export of organic matter into the deep sea was enhanced due to increased near-surface mixing related to a positive salinity anomaly caused by a rise in wind-driven vertical mixing, contributing to the depletion of the deep-sea oxygen concentration, combined with a sluggish deep-sea circulation. The extinction of deep-sea benthic foraminifera at the PETM thus was probably caused by multiple environmental changes, including decreased carbonate saturation and ocean acidification, lowered oxygen levels, and a globally reduced food supply, all related to a massive carbon injection.

Chemical oceanography PhD position

The Ocean Acidification Research Center (OARC) at the University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF) is seeking a graduate student to conduct a fully funded project in the western Arctic Ocean to better understand the controls on carbonate mineral saturation states and ocean acidification in the region. Funding includes full stipend, tuition, health insurance and travel support for one annual meeting. The ideal applicant will have a background (either undergraduate or preferably M.S.) in marine chemistry or a closely related field. The project will require extensive fieldwork in the Arctic Ocean and the applicant must be able to start by June 1, 2012.

Ocean acidification and coral reefs: Eat, think, and be merry science cafe

Date/Time: On January 31, 2012 from 7:00 pm to 9:00 pm
Location: Luna Star Cafe

Remy Okazaki is a doctoral candidate in the University of Miami Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMS) studying how corals from various environments respond to ocean acidification. As the first guest lecturer of the spring 2012 Eat, Think, and Be Merry Science Cafe, Okazaki will present his research entitled, “Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs”.

The Eat, Think, and Be Merry Science Cafe, held at the Luna Star Cafe in North Miami, gives students and the community the opportunity to discuss timely scientific issues with researchers in a relaxed conversational setting. The event will begin at 7:00 p.m. on Tuesday, Jan. 31 at the Luna Star Cafe in North Miami. For more information, please follow the link below.

Coral and mollusc responses to acidified ocean

Coral and mollusc species with an outer layer of protective tissue are more able to withstand acidic seawater than some other species, according to a recent study. However, higher temperatures projected under climate change are likely to worsen the impact of ocean acidification on coral and molluscs, even affecting those that are otherwise resistant to higher levels of acidity.

The increasing atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are making the oceans more acidic. Seawater absorbs some of the CO2 from the atmosphere, and it is thought that by 2100, this will increase the acidity of surface ocean waters by 0.3-0.5 pH units. Acidity reduces the amount of available carbonate used by some marine organisms, such as corals and  molluscs, to form shells and skeletons out of calcium carbonate.  Previous studies suggest different species of marine organisms that form shells and skeletons vary in their sensitivity to ocean acidification. It
is thought that an outer layer of living tissue on these organisms protects the skeleton or shell from dissolving in more acidic seawater.

Ocean acidification study clarifies effects of CO2

Might a penguin’s next meal be affected by the exhaust from your tailpipe? The answer may be yes, when you add your exhaust fumes to the total amount of carbon dioxide lofted into the atmosphere by humans since the Industrial Revolution. One-third of that carbon dioxide is absorbed by the world’s oceans, making them more acidic and affecting marine life.

A UC Santa Barbara marine scientist and a team of 18 other researchers have reported results of the broadest worldwide study of ocean acidification to date. Acidification is known to be a direct result of the increasing amount of greenhouse gas emissions. The scientists used sensors developed at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at UC San Diego to measure the acidity of 15 ocean locations, including seawater in the Antarctic, and in temperate and tropical waters.

As oceans become more acidic, with a lower pH, marine organisms are stressed and entire ecosystems are affected, according to the scientists. Gretchen E. Hofmann, an eco-physiologist and professor in UC Santa Barbara’s Department of Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology, is lead author of the recent article in PLoS ONE that describes the research.

“We were able to illustrate how parts of the world’s oceans currently have different pH, and thus how they might respond to climate changes in the future,” said Hofmann. “The sensors allowed us to capture that.” The sensors recorded at least 30 days of continuous pH values in each area of the study.

Dynamics of a stepped carbon-isotope excursion: Ultra high-resolution study of Early Toarcian environmental change

In the Toarcian (Early Jurassic; ~ 183 Myr ago), the ocean–atmosphere system was subject to one of the largest perturbations of the carbon cycle in the last 250 Myr known as the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE). This event was accompanied by a − 6‰ negative carbon-isotope excursion (CIE) caused by massive injection of isotopically light carbon into the ocean–atmosphere system, possibly from destabilisation of gas hydrates. This study reveals the pacing and sequence of events leading up to the CIE and to widespread deposition of organic-rich sediments. The very high-resolution isotopic record from exceptionally well-preserved carbonate and organic matter from the Paris Basin enables recognition of increased CO₂ levels ~ 130 kyr in advance of the major negative CIE. An accelerated increase in the pCO₂ is registered ~ 25 kyr before the onset of this negative excursion and was so rapid and so intense that it led to a water column undersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate in the Paris Basin. Undersaturation is expressed as a dramatic drop in the accumulation of the biogenic calcite produced by the surface-dwelling calcifiers. These environmental perturbations, representing precursor phases of CO₂ injection, predate the first step towards relatively light carbon-isotope in carbonate and organic matter and are tentatively attributed to Karoo–Ferrar magmatism. This negative shift was registered slightly earlier in terrestrial carbon than marine carbonate. Subsequent global warming is credited with liberating isotopically light carbon, and ultimately fostered anoxia in the Paris Basin: the response of these cumulative inputs of carbon to the Earth system. Isotopic and sedimentological evidence indicates continuously elevated phytoplanktonic productivity throughout the first step of the negative CIE, suggesting that the biological pump accelerated the drawdown of excess carbon leading to temporary recovery of carbonate sedimentation, ~ 45 kyr after the first step of the CIE. This re-establishment of the saturation state of the water column was only fleeting before the later stepwise release of isotopically light carbon.

Resource allocation and extracellular acid-base status in the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis in response to CO2 induced seawater acidification

Anthropogenic CO₂ emission will lead to an increase in seawater pCO₂ of up to 80-100 Pa (800-1000 μatm) within this century and to an acidification of the oceans. Green sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) occurring in Kattegat experience seasonal hypercapnic and hypoxic conditions already today. Thus, anthropogenic CO₂ emissions will add up to existing values and will lead to even higher pCO₂ values >200 Pa (>2000 μatm). To estimate the green sea urchins’ potential to acclimate to acidified seawater, we calculated an energy budget and determined the extracellular acid base status of adult S. droebachiensis exposed to moderately (102 to 145 Pa, 1007 to 1431 μatm) and highly (284 to 385 Pa, 2800 to 3800 μatm) elevated seawater pCO₂ for 10 and 45 days.

A 45 – day exposure to elevated pCO₂ resulted in a shift in energy budgets, leading to reduced somatic and reproductive growth. Metabolic rates were not significantly affected, but ammonium excretion increased in response to elevated pCO₂. This led to decreased O:N ratios. These findings suggest that protein metabolism is possibly enhanced under elevated pCO₂ in order to support ion homeostasis by increasing net acid extrusion. The perivisceral coelomic fluid acid-base status revealed that S. droebachiensis is able to fully (intermediate pCO₂) or partially (high pCO₂) compensate extracellular pH (pH_e) changes by accumulation of bicarbonate (maximum increases 2.5 mM), albeit at a slower rate than typically observed in other taxa (10 day duration for full pH_e compensation). At intermediate pCO₂, sea urchins were able to maintain fully compensated pH_e for 45 days. Sea urchins from the higher pCO₂ treatment could be divided into two groups following medium-term acclimation: one group of experimental animals (29%) contained remnants of food in their digestive system and maintained partially compensated pH_e (+2.3 mM HCO₃⁻), while the other group (71%) exhibited an empty digestive system and a severe metabolic acidosis (-0.5 pH units, -2.4 mM HCO₃⁻). There was no difference in mortality between the three pCO₂ treatments.

The results of this study suggest that S. droebachiensis occurring in the Kattegat might be pre-adapted to hypercapnia due to natural variability in pCO₂ in its habitat. We show for the first time that some echinoderm species can actively compensate extracellular pH. Seawater pCO₂ values of >200 Pa, which will occur in the Kattegat within this century during seasonal hypoxic events, can possibly only be endured for a short time period of a few weeks. Increases in anthropogenic CO₂ emissions and leakages from potential sub-seabed CO₂ storage (CCS) sites thus impose a threat to the ecologically and economically important species S. droebachiensis.

Study: Ocean acidity exceeds natural norms (audio)

Rapidly rising CO2 emissions change ocean chemistry

New research suggests an overload of carbon dioxide in the oceans is posing a serious threat to marine life, food security and tourism.

While most CO2 emissions from automobiles, buildings and factories go into the atmosphere, one-third ends up in the oceans, changing ocean chemistry and making seawater more acid.

A study in Nature Climate Change tracks ocean acidity over 21,000 years of climate history. Tobias Friedrich, co-author and post-doctoral fellow at the University of Hawaii International Pacific Research Center says the record shows natural increases in CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere over time and differences from region to region.

Letter from Antarctica: Hunting ocean acidification at the South Pole

Onboard the Aurora Australis

11.30 am, 6 January 2012

It’s day one of the Mawson Centenary Cruise to Commonwealth Bay in Antarctica, and while all other expeditioners are lying low adjusting to the swell of the Southern Ocean, Team Acid has begun searching for shelled zooplankton – the tiny creatures at the bottom of the food chain and those most at risk of changing ocean chemistry or ‘ocean acidification’.

If there is evidence to be found of the effects of chemical change on marine biological systems, Team Acid is looking in the right spot.

Not only do the world’s oceans play a crucial role in capturing CO2 (they currently capture a quarter of our emissions each year), the polar oceans capture a disproportionate share of this because of the so-called ‘champagne effect’.